Western Balkans: The Stability Trap

The Western Balkans remain a persistent flashpoint. In 2026, the region is projected to see slow growth (3.2-3.4%), tempered by geopolitical risks.

Serbia-Kosovo Tensions: 

Relations between Belgrade and Pristina are expected to flare up, potentially triggered by disputed municipal elections or the implementation of the Association of Serb Municipalities. An EU-led mediation effort will be critical. Failure to stabilise the region could trigger a refugee surge, testing the EU’s Schengen border management.

Enlargement vs. Budget: 

The EU may grant candidate status updates to Albania and North Macedonia in 2026. However, this political win risks being undercut by the bloc’s internal economic slowdown. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) projection of subdued global growth implies that the EU budget will be stretched, limiting the funds available for the structural adjustments needed in Balkan candidate states.

Impact on Europe 

The Balkans remain a managed instability zone where US attention is limited and EU leverage is constrained by budget constraints. The region will serve as a barometer of European agency: success in stabilising Serbia-Kosovo relations would signal EU capacity to manage regional conflicts; failure would demonstrate European limitations.

Russia’s Influence Operations in the Balkans

Russia will continue to exploit local grievances in Republika Srpska (Bosnia) and Serbia. Intelligence suggests Moscow aims to open a “second front” of instability to distract the EU from Ukraine. This will involve hybrid influence operations and the funding of proxy political groups.

The Turkish Factor:  

Concurrently, it is crucial to recognise that Turkey has already established a pervasive influence in Bosnia and North Macedonia through economic investments and cultural soft power, effectively turning parts of these nations into Turkish client states. This adds another layer of complexity, as the EU must navigate not only Russian disruption but also Ankara’s independent geopolitical agenda in the region.

Impact on Europe

Russian hybrid warfare in the Balkans will stretch European security resources and test the EU’s capacity to counter disinformation and influence operations in a contested information environment. Success in countering Russian hybrid threats will require coordinated EU-wide action and significant investment in cyber resilience.

Read the full B&K Agency Global Outlook for 2026: